SSL/TLS Certificates

X.509 is an ITU standard defining the format of public key certificates. X.509 are used in TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS. An X.509 certificate binds an identity to a public key using a digital signature. A certificate contains an identity (hostname, organization, etc.) and a public key (RSA, DSA, ECDSA, ed25519, etc.), and is either signed by a Certificate Authority or is Self-Signed.

Self-Signed Certificates

Generate CA

1. Generate RSA

openssl genrsa -aes256 -out ca-key.pem 4096

2. Generate a public CA Cert

openssl req -new -x509 -sha256 -days 3650 -key ca-key.pem -out ca.pem

Optional Stage: View Certificate's Content

openssl x509 -in ca.pem -text
openssl x509 -in ca.pem -purpose -noout -text

Generate Certificate

1. Create a RSA key

openssl genrsa -out cert-key.pem 4096

2. Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)

openssl req -new -sha256 -subj "/CN=exploit.se" -key cert-key.pem -out cert.csr

3. Create a extfile with all the alternative names

echo "subjectAltName=DNS:exploit.se,IP:10.10.10.10" >> extfile.cnf

# optional
echo extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth >> extfile.cnf

4. Create the certificate

openssl x509 -req -sha256 -days 3650 -in cert.csr -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -out cert.pem -extfile extfile.cnf -CAcreateserial

Certificate Formats

X.509 Certificates exist in Base64 Formats PEM (.pem, .crt, .ca-bundle), PKCS#7 (.p7b, p7s) and Binary Formats DER (.der, .cer), PKCS#12 (.pfx, p12).

Convert Certs

COMMAND	CONVERSION
openssl x509 -outform der -in cert.pem -out cert.der	PEM to DER
openssl x509 -inform der -in cert.der -out cert.pem	DER to PEM
openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pfx -out cert.pem -nodes	PFX to PEM

Verify Certificates

openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem -verbose cert.pem

Install the CA Cert as a trusted root CA

On Debian & Derivatives

• Move the CA certificate (ca.pem) into /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/ca.crt.

• Update the Cert Store with:

sudo update-ca-certificates

Refer the documentation here and here.

On Windows

Assuming the path to your generated CA certificate as C:\ca.pem, run:

Import-Certificate -FilePath "C:\ca.pem" -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\Root

• Set -CertStoreLocation to Cert:\CurrentUser\Root in case you want to trust certificates only for the logged in user.

OR

In Command Prompt, run:

certutil.exe -addstore root C:\ca.pem

• certutil.exe is a built-in tool (classic System32 one) and adds a system-wide trust anchor.

On Android

The exact steps vary device-to-device, but here is a generalized guide:

1. Open Phone Settings

2. Locate Encryption and Credentials section. It is generally found under Settings > Security > Encryption and Credentials

3. Choose Install a certificate

4. Choose CA Certificate

5. Locate the certificate file ca.pem on your SD Card/Internal Storage using the file manager.

6. Select to load it.

7. Done!